Noun Phrase (NP)

Noun Phrase (NP)

চেনার উপায়:	(a) একটি noun বা একটি pronoun. যেমন: book, table, pen, I, you, he, etc. (b) একটি determiner ও একটি Noun. যেমন: My book, our house, an apple, etc. Note: determiner হলো কোন modifying word (বিশেষণ) যা বাক্যে কোন noun/pronoun এর কি ধরনের reference রয়েছে তা নির্দেশ করে।  A, an, the, this, these, that, those, ইত্যাদি determiner এর উদাহরণ।  (c) determiner+adjective+noun. যেমন: Our old house, a green apple, etc. (d) Noun phrase quantifier দিয়ে শুরু হতে পারে। যেমন: many boys, some girls, etc. Note: quantifier (পরিমাণবাচক শব্দ) determiner এর পূর্বে বসে। যেমন: all my books, some of his pens, etc. আবার number (সংখ্যাবাচক শব্দ) determiner এর পরে বসে। যেমন: my two books, his five pens, etc.
সংক্ষেপে নির্মাণশৈলী	Noun:		People, pen, book, money
	Determiner + noun:		the village, a house, our friends; those houses
	Quantifier + noun:		some people; a lot of money
	Determiner + adjective + noun:		our closest friends; a new house.
	Quantifier + determiner + noun:		all those children;
	Quantifier + determiner + adjective + noun:		both of my younger brothers
কাজ:	বাক্যের subject, object এবং preposition এর object হিসেবে কাজ করে।
উদাহরণ:	1. বাক্যের subject হিসেবে			Many buildings were destroyed in the earthquake.
	2. বাক্যের object হিসেবে			We have built a house in the village.
	3. preposition এর object হিসেবে			Keep the book on the table.
আরও জানা দরকার	কখনও কখনও noun phrase (np) এর পরে একগুচ্ছ শব্দ বসে noun phrase (np) কে modify (বিশেষায়িত) করতে পারে। এ শব্দগুচ্ছ কে postmodifier বলে।
	noun phrase (np) এর পরে prepositional phrase (pp)	যেমন: the boy on the blue shirt, a man with a gun.
	noun phrase (np) এর পরে –ing phrase	যেমন: the boy talking to his mother, the fox passing through the forest.
	noun phrase (np) এর পরে relative clause	যেমন: The man we saw yesterday. The house that we bought last year.
	noun phrase (np) এর পরে that clause	যেমন: He thinks that I have forgotten him.
	noun phrase (np) এর পরে -to infinitive	যেমন: I need somewhere to go. I have got the book to read.
	একই বাক্যে একাধিক Postmodifier বসতে পারে।	যেমন: An old man with a gun who killed a deer was arrested by the police.

ভিক্টোরিয়ান যুগের উল্লেখযোগ্য সাহিত্যকর্ম

Porphyria’s Lover

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My Last Duchess

"I gave commands; then all smiles stopped together." 

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Andrea del Sarto

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Fra Lippo Lippi

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The Scholar-Gipsy

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Thyrsis

g¨v_y Avb©ì iwPZ GKwU †kvKKweZv| Avb©ì Zuvi eÜz Av_©vi wnD K¬v‡di ¯§i‡Y KweZvwU †j‡Lb|

The Lotos-Eaters

"Let us swear an oath, and keep it with an equal mind,

In the hollow Lotos-land to live and lie reclined

On the hills like Gods together, careless of mankind."

Avj‡d«W, jW© †Uwbmb iwPZ GKwU KweZv| GK`j bvwe‡Ki mgy`ª hvÎvc‡_ †jvUvm †L‡q †Kvb GK wbR©b Øx‡c †_‡K hvIqvi evmbvB GB KweZvwUi Mí|   

Ulysses

"I cannot rest from travel: I will drink

Life to the lees:"

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q An Easy Approach to English Literature

ইংরেজি সাহিত্যের একই নামের ও প্রায় কাছাকাছি নামের গ্রন্থসমূহ

Writings	Genre	Writers
The Garden Party	Short Story	Katherine Mansfield
The Birthday Party	Play	Harold Pinter
The Cocktail Party	Play	T. S. Eliot
Waiting for Godot	Play	Samuel Beckett
Waiting for Mahatma	Novel	R. K. Narayan
The Dumb Waiting	Play	Samuel Beckett
Ulysses	Poem	Alfred Tennyson
Ulysses	Novel	James Joyce
Treasure Island	Adventure Story	R. L. Stevenson
The Coral Island	Adventure Story	R. M. Ballantyne
The Portrait of a Lady	Novel	Henry James
A Portrait of an Artist as a Young Man	Novel	James Joyce
The Sun Also Rises	Novel	Ernest Hemingway
The Sun Rising	Poem	John Donne
The Room	Play	Harold Pinter
A Room with a View	Novel	E. M. Forster
A Room of One’s Own	Fiction	Virginia Woolf
Riders to the Sea	Play	John Millington Synge
The Sea and the Bells	Poem	Pablo Neruda
The Old Man and the Sea	Novel	Ernest Hemingway
Prometheus Unbound	Lyrical Drama	P. B. Shelley
Prometheus Bound	Play	Aeschylus
Rainbow	Poem	William Wordsworth
Rainbow	Novel	D. H. Lawrence
A Study in Scarlet	Fiction	Arthur Conan Doyle
The Scarlet Letter	Novel	Nathaniel Hawthorne
Windsor Castle	Fiction	W. H. Auden
The Merry Wives of Windsor	Play	William Shakespeare
A Tale of the Pacific Ocean	Adventure Fiction	R. M. Ballantyne
A Tale of a Tub	Fiction	Jonathon Swift
A Tale of a Tub	Play	Ben Jonson
A Tale of Two Cities	Novel	Charles Dickens
The Man of Destiny	Play	G. B. Shaw
Man and Superman	Play	G. B. Shaw
To Daffodils	Poem	Robert Herrick
Daffodils	Poem	William Wordsworth
Daffodils	Poem	Ted Hughes
The Daffodil Fields	Play	John Masefield
The Heart of Darkness	Novella	Joseph Conrad
The Heart of India istorHi	History Book	Alexander Campbell
Lord of the Flies	Fiction	William Golding
Lord of the Rings	Adventure Fiction	J. R. R. Tolkein
The Time Machine	Science Fiction	H. G. Wells
In Search of Lost Time	Fiction	Marcel Proust
Lucky Jim	Novel	Kingsley Amis
Lord Jim	Fiction	Joseph Conrad
Candida	Play	G.B Shaw
Candide	Satire	Voltaire
Caesar and Cleopatra	Play	G. B. Shaw
Antony and Cleopatra	Play	William Shakespeare
An Ideal Husband	Play	Oscar Wilde
The Modern Husband	Novel	Henry Fielding
Murder in the Cathedral	Play	T. S. Eliot
Conversation in the Cathedral	Novel	Mario Vargus LIosa
Winter Garden	Poem	Pablo Neruda
The Winter’s Tale	Play	William Shakespeare
Tom Jones	Play	John Osborne
Tom Jones	Novel	Henry Fielding
The Rape of Lucrece	Poem	William Shakespeare
Rape Upon Rape	Novel	Henry Fielding
The Rape of the Lock	Mock-epic	Alexander Pope
Venus and Adonis	Poem	William Shakespeare
Adonais	Epic	P. B. Shelley
The Vanity of Human Wishes	Poem	Samuel Johnson
Vanity Fair	Novel	W. M. Thackery
The Republic of Wine	Satire/Novel	Mo Yan
The Republic	Essay	Plato
My Mother’s Dream	Novel	Alice Munro
Dreams from My Father		Barak Obama
The Lowland	Fiction	Jhumpa Lahiri
No Man’s Land	Play	Harold Pinter
The Golden Gate	Thriller Novel	Vikram Seth
The Golden Age	Novel	Tahmima Anam
Mother		Maxim Gorky
The Light House	Story	Edgar Allen Poe
To the Light House	Fiction	Virginia Woolf
The Charge of the Light Brigade	Poem	Alfred Tennyson
Great Expectations	Novel	Charles Dickens
The Great Gatsby	Fiction	Fitzerald F. Scott
Crime and Punishment	Novel	F. Dostoevsky
Punishment	Poem	Seamus Heaney