শেক্সপিয়ারের নাটক: শ্রেণিবিন্যাসগত জটিলতা ও অন্যান্য

‡k·wcqvi iwPZ bvU‡Ki mgqKvj, cÖK…Z msL¨v, †kÖwYweb¨vm cÖf…wZ wb‡q gZcv_©‡K¨i AšÍ †bB| cÖ_‡gB Avmv hvK mgqKvj cÖm‡½| †k·wcqvi cwÛZ I †k·wcqvi wel‡q AvMÖnx †ewkifvM M‡elKB †k·wcqv‡ii bvU‡Ki iPbvKvj wel‡q my¯úó †Kvb aviYv w`‡Z cv‡ib wb| †Kbbv ‡k·wcqv‡ii mg‡q mywbw`©ó †Kvb Z_¨fvÛvi msiÿY Kiv nq wb| Z‡e †ewkifvM M‡elKB wek¦vm K‡ib †nbix `¨ wm·_, cvU© Uz †k·wcqvi iwPZ cÖ_g bvUK hv 1591 mv‡j iPbv Kiv n‡qwQj| GwU GKwU HwZnvwmK bvUK| 

†Kvb bvUKwU me‡k‡l iPbv Kiv n‡qwQj - G wb‡qI we¯Íi weev` i‡q‡Q| Z‡e †ewkifvM M‡el‡Ki wek¦vm `¨ †Ug‡c÷ (So) †k·wcqvi iwPZ me©‡kl bvUK| bvUKwUi iPbvKvj g‡b Kiv nq 1610 wKsev 1611 wLª÷vã| Z‡e †KD †KD g‡b K‡ib †k·wcqvi iwPZ me©‡kl bvUK n‡jv The Two Noble Kinsmen †hwU wZwb John Fletcher Gi mv‡_ iPbv K‡ib| bvUKwUi cøU wRI‡d« Pmvi iwPZ The Canterbury Tales Mí msKj‡bi The Knight's Tale kxl©K Mí †_‡K †bqv|

Gevi Avmv hvK ‡k·wcqvi iwPZ bvU‡Ki msL¨v wb‡q we‡iva cÖm‡½| ‡Kvb †Kvb M‡el‡Ki g‡Z †k·wcqvi iwPZ bvU‡Ki msL¨v 37; Avevi ‡KD ‡KD g‡b K‡ib G msL¨v 38| Z‡e †ewkifvM M‡elK gZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb †k·wcqvi iwPZ bvU‡Ki msL¨v 37| Aek¨ 1623 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ cÖ_g dwjI‡Z 36wU bvUK wQj| †k·wcqvi G dwjI‡Z AšÍf©y³ bvUKmgy‡ni g‡a¨ Kgc‡ÿ 4wU Ab¨ ‡Kvb mn‡hvMx †jL‡Ki mv‡_ iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb e‡j g‡b Kiv nq|  †hgb Pericles, Prince of Tyre bvUKwUi mn‡hvMx iPwqZv wQ‡jb George Wilkins| Abyiƒcfv‡e, The Two Noble Kinsmen  I Cardenio bvUK `ywUi mn‡hvMx iPwqZv John Fletcher,  Ges Love’s Labour’s Won bvUKwUi mn‡hvMx iPwqZv wQ‡jb ‡k·wcqv‡ii mgmvgwqK Ab¨ †Kvb bvU¨Kvi|

‡k·wcqvi iwPZ bvU‡Ki †kÖwYweb¨vm wb‡qI i‡q‡Q e¨vcK gZcv_©K¨| 1623 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ cÖ_g dwjI‡Z AšÍ©fz³ bvUKmgyn‡K wZbwU †kÖwY‡Z web¨¯Í Kiv n‡qwQj| h_vt (K) Uª¨v‡RwW bvUK (L) HwZnvwmK bvUK (M) K‡gwW bvUK| Z‡e AvaywbK M‡elK‡`i g‡Z ‡k·wcqvi iwPZ bvUK¸‡jv‡K wbw`©ó †Kvb †kÖwY‡Z web¨¯Í Kiv mwZ¨B `yiƒn e¨vcvi| †Kbbv bvUK¸‡jv‡Z GKvwaK g~j †kÖwYi ˆewkó¨mgyn Dcw¯’Z| †hgb The Merchant of Venice bvUKwU K‡gwW bvUK n‡jI G‡Z Uª¨vwRK Dcv`vb †bB - GK_v ejv hv‡e bv| bvUKwUi kvBjK PwiÎwU‡Z Uª¨vwRK wn‡ivi A‡bK ˆewkó¨ we`¨gvb| GRb¨ ‡k·wcqvi iwPZ bvU‡Ki cÖPwjZ wZbwU †kÖwYweb¨vm h_vt (K) Uª¨v‡RwW bvUK (L) HwZnvwmK bvUK (M) K‡gwW bvUK ev‡`I KZK¸‡jv Dc-‡kÖwY i‡q‡Q| G Dc-‡kÖwYi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q (1) Uª¨vwR-K‡gwW (2) †ivgvb bvUK (3) †ivgvÝagx© bvUK (4) cÖe‡jg †cø cÖf…wZ|

‡k·wcqvi iwPZ HwZnvwmK bvUK¸‡jv mbv³ Kiv RwUj bq| Zuvi †ewkifvM HwZnvwmK bvUK¸‡jv ga¨hy‡Mi Bs‡iR ivRv‡`i BwZnvm wb‡q iwPZ| Aek¨ wKQz †ivgvb HwZnvwmK bvUKI i‡q‡Q| †hgbt Julius Caesar, Coriolanus Ges Antony and Cleopatra|

‡k·wcqvi iwPZ Uª¨v‡RwW‡Z †K›`ªxq Pwi‡Îi Dci me©vwaK ¸iZ¡ cÖ`vb Kiv nq| †K›`ªxq PwiÎ, Uª¨vwRK wn‡iv bv‡g cwiwPZ, A¨vwi‡÷vUwjqvb g‡W‡ji gnr †Kvb PwiÎ| G gnr Pwi‡Îi Kgc‡ÿ GKwU ÎæwUi Kvi‡Y Zvi cZb Awbevh©| Aek¨ ‡k·wcqvi iwPZ Uª¨v‡RwW‡Z GKvwaK Uª¨vwRK wn‡iv _vK‡Z cv‡i| †hgbt Romeo and Juliet|

‡k·wcqvi iwPZ K‡gwW‡Z Uª¨v‡RwWi b¨vq GKK †Kvb PwiÎ we‡k‡li Dci GK”QÎ ¸iƒZ¡ cÖ`vb Kiv nq bv; eis †ek K‡qKwU Pwi·K †K›`ª K‡i we‡klZ GK ev GKvwaK †cÖwgK hyM‡ji M‡íi wfwˇZ G ai‡bi bvU‡Ki NUbvcÖevn AvewZ©Z nq| Uª¨vwR-K‡gwW bvUK c~Y©v½ Uª¨v‡RwWI bq Avevi K‡gwWI bq; eis G ai‡bi bvU‡K Dfq bvU‡Ki ˆewkó¨ we`¨gvb| Cymbeline, The Merchant of Venice, The Winter’s Tale G ai‡bi bvUK| D`vniY¯^iƒc The Merchant of Venice bvUKwUi MVb K‡gwW bvU‡Ki Abyiƒc, wKš‘ Gi GKwU Ab¨Zg PwiÎ kvBjK Uª¨vwRK| bvUKwUi mš‘wóKi mgvwß NU‡jI kvBj‡Ki e¨v_vq Avgiv e¨w_Z bv n‡q cvwi bv| bvUKwUi mgvwß cy‡ivcywi myLKiI bq Avevi KóKiI bq| myZivs GwU GKwU Uª¨vwR-K‡gwW| cÖe‡jg †cø bvgK †k·wcqv‡ii AviI GK ai‡bi bvUK i‡q‡Q| biI‡qi bvU¨Kvi †nbwiK Be‡mb G ai‡bi bvgKi‡Yi cÖe³v| hv‡nvK G ai‡bi bvU‡Ki †K›`ªxq PwiÎ ev bvqK Uª¨vwRKI bq Avevi KwgKI bq; eis mgmvgwqK mgv‡Ri †Kvb msK‡Ui cÖwZiƒcK| G ai‡bi bvU‡Ki mgvwß cy‡ivcywi myLKiI bq Avevi KóKiI bq| All’s Well that Ends Well, Measure for Measure, The Merchant of Venice, Timon of Athens, Troilus and Cressida, The Winter’s Tale G ai‡bi bvUK|

‡k·wcqvi iwPZ wKQz bvUK‡K †ivgvÝagx© bvUK ejv nq| G¸‡jv‡K Uª¨vwR-K‡gwWI ejv nq| Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale, The Tempest G ai‡bi bvUK| G ai‡bi bvU‡Ki we‡kl ˆewkó¨ n‡jv Avb›`-welv‡`i hyMcr Dcw¯’wZ, AwZcÖvK…wZK wel‡qi Dcw¯’wZ, my`~i AZx‡Zi †Kvb Ø›Ø ev AwePv‡ii ¯^w¯Í`vqK wb®úwË BZ¨vw`|

‡k·wcqvi iwPZ wKQz bvUK gv¯‹ bvUK bv‡gI cwiwPZ| Henry VIII, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Romeo and Juliet, The Tempest G ai‡bi bvUK| ivRmfvq AbywôZ bvP, Mvb, myi, m½xZ, Awfbq K‡i Mí ejv cÖf…wZ G ai‡bi bvU‡Ki ˆewkó¨|

An Easy Approach to English Literature