৩৬তম বিসিএস ইংরেজি সাহিত্যের প্রশ্নের ব্যাখ্যাসহ সমাধান

36^th BCS

1. Shakespeare’s ‘Measure for Measure’ is a successful---

A. Tragedy	Ans: C   B. Comedy
C. Tragi-Comedy	D. Melodrama

e¨vL¨v:

(a) Tragedy — bvU¨mvwn‡Z¨i GKwU we‡kl bvU¨ Avw½K ‡hLv‡b ‡K›`ªxq Pwi‡Îi (protagonist) ‡Kvb GKwU ÎæwUi Kvi‡Y Zvi mvd‡j¨i ¯^Y© wkLi †_‡K gg©vwšÍK cZb hLb `k©K ev cvVK ü`q‡K bvov ‡`q, ZLb Zv‡K Uª¨v‡RwW ejv nq| GLv‡b D‡jøL¨, bvq‡Ki/ †K›`ªxq Pwi‡Îi cZ‡bi Rb¨ hw` Zvi Ans‡eva †K `vqx Kiv hvq, Z‡e G Ans‡eva‡K Hubris ejv nq| MÖxK Uª¨v‡RwW‡Z fvM¨ (Fate) ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡jI †k·cxqixq Uª¨v‡RwW‡Z bvq‡Ki Tragic flaw/ Hamartia Zvi cZb †W‡K Av‡b| Z‡e Dfq †ÿ‡ÎB bvqK ev †K›`ªxq Pwi‡Îi cZb `k©K ev cvV‡Ki mngwg©Zv (Catharsis) RvMÖZ K‡i| Uª¨v‡RwW mvaviYZ Avb›`Nb Ave‡n ïiæ nq| wKš‘ Zv ØÜ,  msNvZ, lohš¿, cvëv lohš¿, i³cvZ  Ges †K›`ªxq Pwi‡Îi cZ‡bi (Catastrophe) ga¨ w`‡q †kl nq| Tragedy K‡qK cÖKv‡ii n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb:       1.   Revenge Tragedy — cÖwZ‡kva MÖnYB G ai‡Yi Uª¨v‡RwWi g~j welqe¯‘| Shakespeare -Gi Hamlet, Thomas Kyd- Gi The Spanish Tragedy G ai‡bi Uª¨v‡RwWi AšÍf©y³|       2.   Heroic Tragedy — fvjevmv I m¤§vb ev fvjevmv I KZ©‡e¨i g‡a¨ Øš^-msNvZ Ges Gi fqven cwibwZB G ai‡bi U¨ªv‡RwWi g~j K_v| Bsj¨v‡Ûi Restoration Period- G G ai‡bi Uª¨v‡RwWi weKvk N‡U| John Dryden †K G ai‡bi Uª¨v‡RwWi AMÖ`~Z e‡j MY¨ Kiv nq| John Dryden- Gi All for Love I The Indian Emperor Ges Roger Boyle- Gi The Black Prince-G ai‡bi  Uª¨v‡RwWi AšÍfy©³|

(b) Comedy — `ywU cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ wb‡q K‡gwW iwPZ nq| GK, mivmwi Avb›` `vb| `yB, c‡ivÿfv‡e ÎæwU ms‡kvab| K‡gwW A‡cÿvK…Z A¯^w¯ÍKi cwi‡e‡k  Avi¤¢ n‡jI kxMÖB Zv cÖvYešÍ, Dc‡fvM¨ I nvm¨i‡mi Aven ˆZix K‡i| mvaviYZ K‡cvZ-K‡cvZxi cÖYq †_‡K cwiYq (Romantic Comedy) ev ؇›Øi mš‘wóKi mgvav‡bi gva¨‡g K‡gwW †kl nq| K‡gwW K‡qK ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i| h_v: (i)  Romantic Comedy — K‡cvZ-K‡cvZxi †ivgvÂag©x m¤úK©‡K †K›`ª K‡i G ai‡bi   K‡gwWi Kvwnbx AvewZ©Z nq Ges mvaviYZ weev‡ni gva¨‡g Gi cwimgvwß N‡U|              Shakespeare- Gi The Tempest, The Winter’s Tale, All’s Well That Ends Well cÖf…wZ G ai‡bi K‡gwW| (ii) Comedy of Humours — ‡gwW‡Kj Z‡Ë¡i mv‡_ mswkøó| gvby‡li ‰`wnK I gvbwmK  ¸Yvejxi wbqvgK e‡j Kw_Z imPZzóq h_v: evqy, wcË, i³, ev K‡di AbycvZMZ ZviZ‡g¨i d‡j AvPi‡Yi cwieZ©b‡K DcRxe¨ K‡i G ai‡bi K‡gwW iwPZ nq| Ben  Jonson- Gi Volpone G ai‡bi K‡gwW| (iii) Comedy of Manners — mgv‡Ri DuPz ¯Í‡ii gvby‡li AmsMwZc~Y© AvPiY‡K nvm¨imvZ¥K fw½‡Z Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z G ai‡bi K‡gwW iwPZ nq| William Congreve- Gi The Way of the World G ai‡bi K‡gwW| (iv) Pastoral Comedy — MÖvgxY Ave‡n K‡cvZ-K‡cvZxi †cÖg Kvwnbx wb‡q G ai‡Yi K‡gwW iwPZ nq| William Shakespeare- Gi As You Like It- G ai‡bi K‡gwW|

(c) Tragi-comedy — Uª¨v‡RwW I K‡gwWi hyMcr Dcw¯’wZg~jK iPbvB nj Uª¨vwR-K‡gwW| William Shakespeare- Gi The Winter’s Tale, Cymbeline, Measure for Measure-G ai‡bi bvUK|

(d) Melodrama — Music I Drama wb‡q Melodrama iwPZ nq| violent I sensational action wb‡q nq Melodrama. Music-Gi Dcw¯’wZ G ai‡bi bvU‡Ki we‡kl ‰ewkó¨| Augustin Daly- Gi Under the Gaslight G ai‡bi bvUK|

2. ‘David Copperfield’ is a/an---novel.

A. Victorian	Ans: A   B. Elizabethan
C. Romantic	D. Modern

e¨vL¨v:

Victorian hy‡Mi Jcb¨vwmK Charles Dickens (1812-1870) David Copperfield bvgK Dcb¨v‡mi iPwqZv| Zuvi Ab¨vb¨ Dcb¨v‡mi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Oliver Twist, A Tale of Two Cities, Great Expectations, Bleak House, Hard Times BZ¨vw`|

(a) Victorian Period —         (1832-1900) (b) Elizabethan Period — (1558-1603) (c) Romantic Period — (1798-1832) (d) Modern Period — (1901-1939)

3. ‘Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard’ is written by —

A. William Wordsworth	Ans: B   B. Thomas Gray
C. John Keats	D. W. B. Yeats

e¨vL¨v:

(a) William Wordsworth — William Wordsworth ‘First Generation’ ‡ivgvw›UK Kwe‡`i g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| wZwb Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨ Poet of nature ev cÖK…wZi Kwe wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| wZwb S. T Coleridge- Gi mv‡_ †hŠ_fv‡e 1798 mv‡j Lyrical Ballads bvgK KweZv msKjb cÖKvk K‡ib hv Bs‡iRx mvwn‡Z¨i †ivgvw›UK avivi AeZviYv K‡i| wZwb Zvi Abb¨mvaviY Poetic Diction (kã Pqb) Ges Lucid Language (cÖvÄj  fvlv) Gi Rb¨ weL¨vZ n‡q Av‡Qb| wZwb mvwnZ¨ PP©vi †ÿ‡Î French Revolution Øviv we‡klfv‡e AbycÖvYxZ n‡qwQ‡jb| wZwb m‡e©k¦iev` (Pantheism)- G wek¦vm Ki‡Zb| Zuvi mvwnZ¨Kg© wb¤œiƒc: ·         Lyrical Ballads (essay) ·         ***The Prelude (narrative poem) ·         ***The Solitary Reaper ·         My Heart Leaps Up ·         ***I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud ·         Michael ·         ***Tintern Abbey (poem) ·         Ode on Intimations of Immortality (poem)

(b) Thomas Gray — Bs‡iR Kwe, aªƒcw` cwÛZ (classical scholar) I Aa¨vcK| wZwb Zuvi weL¨vZ †kvKKweZv - ‘Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard’ - Gi Rb¨ mycwiwPZ|

(c) John Keats — †ivgvw›UK avivi Ab¨Zg Kwe| wZwb †mŠ›`‡h©i Kwe ev Poet of beauty Ges Bw›`ªqm¤ú„³Zvi Kwe ev Poet of sensuousness bv‡g cwiwPZ| wZwb †ckvq GKRb Wv³vi wQ‡jb (Man of medicine)| wZwb gvÎ 26 eQi eq‡m h²v    (tuberculosis) †iv‡M AvµvšÍ  n‡q BZvwji †iv‡g gviv hvb| Zuvi weL¨vZ jvBb nj: (i) A thing of beauty is a joy forever. (ii) Beauty is truth, truth beauty. (iii) Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard are sweeter. Zuvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KweZv wb¤œiƒc:   ·      Endymion ·      Ode To A Nightingale *** ·      Ode To Autumn *** ·      Ode On A Grecian Urn *** ·      Ode On Melancholy*** ·      La Belle Dame Sans Merci

(d) W. B. Yeats (1865-1939) — AvaywbK hy‡Mi Ab¨Zg Kwe| ·      The Second Coming ·      Easter 1916 ·      The Lake Isle of Innisfree ·      Sailing to Byzantium ·      Prayer for My Daughter Zuvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KweZv|

4. Who of the following writers was not a novelist?

A. Charles Dickens	Ans: B   B. W. B. Yeats
C. James Joyce	D. Jane Austen

e¨vL¨v:

(a) Charles Dickens (1812-1870) — wf‡±vwiqvb hy‡Mi Jcb¨vwmK|

(b) W. B. Yeats (1865-1939) — AvaywbK hy‡Mi Kwe|

(c) James Joyce — AvaywbK hy‡Mi Jcb¨vwmK|

(d) Jane Austen —‡ivgvw›UK hy‡Mi Jcb¨vwmK|

5. Which of the following books is written by Thomas Hardy?

A. Varity Fair	Ans: B   B. The Return of the Native
C. Pride and Prejudice	D. Oliver Twist

e¨vL¨v:

(a) Varity Fair was written by W. M.  Thackeray.

(b) The Return of the Native was written by Thomas Hardy.

(c) Pride and Prejudice was written by Jane Austen.

(d) Oliver Twist was written by Charles Dickens.

6. “Frailty, thy name is woman” — is a famous dialogue from---?

A. Christopher Marlowe	Ans: C   B. John Webster
C. W. Shakespeare	D. T. S. Eliot

e¨vL¨v:

William Shakespeare- Gi Hamlet  bvUK †_‡K G Dw³wU †bqv n‡q‡Q| n¨vg‡jU Zvi gv‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i Av‡jvP¨ Dw³wU K‡i‡Q|

(a) Christopher Marlowe — Bs‡iwR KweZvq AwgÎvÿi Q‡›`i (Blank Verse) cÖe³v, Bs‡iwR we‡qvMvšÍK bvU‡Ki (Tragedy) RbK I Bs‡iwR †i‡bmuvi Ab¨Zg †jLK Christopher Marlowe| Doctor Faustus Zuvi weL¨vZ bvUK|

(b) John Webster — He (1580-1634) was known as a Dark playwright. The Duchess of Malfi I  The White Devil Zuvi weL¨vZ bvUK|

(c) W. Shakespeare

7. The Romantic age in English Literature began with the publication of —

A. Preface to Shakespeare	Ans: B   B. Preface to Lyrical Ballads
C. Preface to Ancient Mariner		D. Preface to Dr. Johnson

e¨vL¨v:

1798 mv‡j William Wordsworth I S. T. Coleridge Preface to Lyrical Ballads cÖKvk K‡ib| G cÖKvkbvi gva¨‡g Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnv‡m GK bZzb aviv m„wó nq hv Romanticism bv‡g cwiwPZ| Avi G hyM‡K Romantic Period ejv nq hvi e¨vwß 1798 †_‡K 1832 mvj ch©šÍ|

8. The poem ‘The Solitary Reaper’ is written by----

A. W. H. Auden	Ans: B   B. W. Wordsworth
C. W. B. Yeats	D. Ezra Pound

e¨vL¨v: 

(a) W. H. Auden (1907-1973) —  AvaywbK hy‡Mi Anti-Romantic Kwe| Zuvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KweZv: § Lullaby § In memory of  W. B. Yeats § September 1, 1939 § The Shield of Achilles § The Fall of Rome

(b) W. Wordsworth (1770-1850) — ‡ivgvw›UK  hy‡Mi Ab¨Zg Kwe I cÖvewÜK| The Solitary Reaper Zuvi GKwU Abe`¨ KweZv| GQvov §  The Prelude §  My Heart Leaps up §  I Wandered Lonely As a Cloud §  Tintern Abbey §  Ode on Intimations of Immortality Zuvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KweZv|

(c) W. B. Yeats (1865-1939) —  AvaywbK hy‡Mi Ab¨Zg Kwe| ·      The Second Coming ·      Easter 1916 ·      The Lake Isle of Innisfree ·      Sailing to Byzantium ·      Prayer for My Daughter Zuvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KweZv|

(d) Ezra Pound —  AvaywbK hy‡Mi Ab¨Zg Kwe I mvwnwZ¨K|

9. ‘The Merchant of Venice’ is a Shakespearean play about—

A. A Jew	Ans: A   B. A Moor
C. A Roman	D. A Turk

e¨vL¨v:

William Shakespeare- Gi The Merchant of Venice bvUKwU Shylock bvgK GKRb Bû`x (Jew) Pwi·K †K›`ª K‡i iwPZ| Revenge versus Christian mercy G bvU‡Ki cÖwZcv`¨| Shakespeare- Gi Othello bvUKwU Othello bvgK GK gy‡ii Pwi·K †K›`ª K‡i iwPZ|

10.  ‘A Passage to India’ is written by ----

A. E. M. Forster	Ans: A   B. Rudyard Kipling
C. Gallsworthy	D. A. H. Auden

e¨L¨v:

(a) A Passage to India was written by the post-colonial novelist E. M. Forster (1879-1970). His other novels include: §  Where Angels Fear to Tread §  A Room with a View §  The Longest Journey

(b) Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) — Ab¨Zg AvaywbK Jcb¨vwmK| § The Jungle Book I § The White Man’s Burden Zuvi `ywU weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm|

(c) John Galsworthy — Bs‡iR Jcb¨vwmK I bvU¨Kvi| wZwb 1932 mv‡j mvwn‡Z¨ †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib|

(d) W. H. Auden (1907-1973) —  AvaywbK hy‡Mi Anti-romantic Kwe|

11. ‘Gitanjali’ of Rabindranath Tagore was translated by-

A. W. B. Yeats	Ans: A   B. Robert Frost
C. John Keats	D. Rudyard Kipling

e¨vL¨v:

(a) W. B. Yeats (1865-1939) AvaywbK hy‡Mi Kwe|

(b) Robert Frost (1874–1963) — an American poet. §  The Road Not Taken §  Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening Zuvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KweZv|

(c) John Keats — ‘Poet of beauty’ I ÔPoet of sensuousness’ bv‡g L¨vZ John Keats Romantic period- Gi Ab¨Zg Kwe| § Ode to a Nightingale § Ode to Autumn § Ode to Psyche § Ode on a Grecian Urn § Ode on Melancholy § La Belle Dame Sans Merci Zuvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KweZv|

(d) Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) — Ab¨Zg AvaywbK Jcb¨vwmK, MíKvi I Kwe| § The Jungle Book I § The White Man’s Burden Zuvi `ywU weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm|

12. The play ‘Candida’ is by—

A. James Joyce	Ans: C   B. Shakespeare
C. G. B. Shaw	D. Arthur Miller

e¨vL¨v:

(a) James Joyce —  AvaywbK  hy‡Mi Jcb¨vwmK|

(b) Shakespeare — a prominent 16th century playwright

(c) G. B. Shaw — ‘Candida’ bvUKwUi iPwqZv| wZwb AvaywbK Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨i RbK e‡j L¨vZ|

(d) Arthur Miller (1915 –2005) — cÖL¨vZ gvwK©b bvU¨Kvi I cÖvewÜK| All My Sons  I Death of a Salesman Zuvi Abe`¨ bvUK| All My Sons, Death of a Salesman Zuvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ bvUK|

13. Which of the following writer belongs to the romantic period in English literature?

A. A. Tennyson	Ans: D   B. Alexander Pope
C. John Dryden	D. S. T. Coleridge

e¨vL¨v:

(a) A. Tennyson (1809-1892)  — belongs to the Victorian period (1832-1900)

(b) Alexander Pope (1688-1744) — belongs to the Augustan period (1700-1750)

(c) John Dryden (1631-1700) — belongs to the Restoration period (1660-1700)

(d) S. T. Coleridge (1772-1834) — belongs to the Romantic period (1798-1832)

14. The climax of a plot is what happens---

A. in the beginning	Ans: B   B. at the height
C. at the end	D. in the confrontation

e¨vL¨v: Climax — the high point in the action of a story.

15. London town is found a living being in the works of---

A. Thomas Hardy	Ans: B   B. Charles Dickens
C. W. Congreve	D. D. H. Lawrence

e¨vL¨v:

(a) Thomas Hardy (1840 –1928) — an English novelist and poet. His novels include: § Far from the Madding Crowd § The Mayor of Casterbridge § Tess of the d’Urbervilles § Jude the Obscure

(b) Charles Dickens (1812-1870) — Gi A‡bK (cÖvq me) Dcb¨v‡mB jÛb bMix RxešÍ iƒc cwiMÖn K‡i| Zuvi A Tale of Two Cities, Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, Great Expectations Dcb¨vm¸‡jv‡Z jÛb bMixi weeiY cvIqv hvq|

(c) W. Congreve (1670-1729) — Restoration Period- G Comedy of Manners avivi bvU¨Kvi| The  Way of the World Zuvi Abe`¨ bvUK|

(d) D. H. Lawrence (1885-1930) — AvaywbK hy‡Mi Ab¨Zg Jcb¨vwmK| wZwb Psychoanalytical theory Z_v Oedipus complex theory wb‡q Dcb¨vm  wj‡L‡Qb| Sons and Lovers Zuvi G msµvšÍ GKwU Abe`¨ Dcb¨vm| The Rainbow, Lady Chatterley’s Lover, Women in Love Zuvi Ab¨vb¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Dcb¨vm|

16. “Child is the father of man” – is taken from the poem of---

A. W. Wordsworth	Ans: A   B. S. T. Coleridge
C. P. B. Shelley	D. A. C. Swinburne

17. “Man is a political animal”— who said this?

A. Dante	Ans: C   B. Plato
C. Aristotle	D. Socrates

e¨vL¨v:

(a) Dante — the author of the ‘Divine Comedy’ and ‘Inferno.’

(b) Alexander Pope — wZwb Zuvi e¨½vZ¥K †jLvi (satirical verse) Rb¨ cwiwPZ| wZwb †nvgv‡ii Abyev`Kvix wn‡m‡eI L¨vZ n‡q Av‡Qb| Zuvi KweZvq Heroic Couplet- Gi cÖvPzh© jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| wZwb we‡klZ Zuvi Mock-heroic epic ‘The Rape of the Lock’- Gi Rb¨ weL¨vZ|

(c) Aristotle quotes — (i) Man is by nature a political animal. (ii) All men by nature desire knowledge. (iii) He who cannot be a good follower cannot be a good leader.

(d) Socrates quotes — (i) An unexamined life is not worth living. (ii) True knowledge exists in knowing that you know nothing. (iii) Know thyself.

18. Who is known as ‘The poet of nature’ in English Literature?

A. Lord Tennyson	Ans: C   B. John Milton
C. William Wordsworth	D. John Keats

e¨vL¨v:

(a) Lord Tennyson — Victorian compromise Gi Rb¨ L¨vZ|

(b) John Milton — epic poet I master of blank verse wn‡m‡e L¨vZ|

(c) William Wordsworth — ‘poet of nature’/ ‘worshiper of nature’ bv‡g cwiwPZ|

(d) John Keats — ‘Poet of beauty’ Ges ‘poet of sensuousness’ bv‡g cwiwPZ|