Important Literary Movements

Important Literary Movements

Classicism (aªƒc`x Av‡›`vjb) — cÖvPxb MÖxK I †ivgvb wkí-mvwn‡Z¨i Kjv-‡KŠk‡ji Dci wfwË K‡i mß`k I Aóv`k kZvãx‡Z BD‡iv‡c aªƒc`x Av‡›`vjb M‡o I‡V| †hŠw³KZv wePvi, K‡Vvi KvVv‡gve×Zv AbymiY I cwiwgwZ‡eva G Av‡›`vj‡bi ˆewkó¨|   

Cavalier poets (ivRwmK Kwe) — mß`k kZ‡Ki Bs‡iR ivRmfvi Kwe, hviv g~jZ ivRcwiev‡ii †cÖg-‡`ªvn wb‡q KweZv wj‡L‡Qb| Zuviv Sons of Ben (after Ben Jonson) bv‡gI cwiwPZ| 

 Notable authors:   Richard Lovelace, William Davenant

Metaphysical Poets (weg~Z©avivi Kwe) —  Bs‡iwR kãe‡Ü Ô‡gUvwdwRK¨vj †cv‡qwUªÕ ej‡Z Ôag©ZË¡vkÖqx KweZvÕ eySvq| John Donne wQ‡jb GKRb cÖfvekvjx Bs‡iR Kwe whwb Shakespeare I Marlowe- Gi mgmvgwqK wQ‡jb| wZwb Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨ m¤ú~Y© e¨wZµgagx©  Ô‡gUvwdwRK¨vj †cv‡qwUªÕ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib  Ges GRb¨ Zuv‡K  ‘father of metaphysical poetry’ ejv nq| Metaphysical  gv‡b beyond/after physical| G ai‡bi KweZvq wdwRK¨vwjwUi Zzjbvq _v‡K Ava¨vwZ¥KZv, Kíbv, ag© cÖf…wZ| mß`k kZ‡K Dr. Samuel Johnson GB Uvg©wU‡K Zz‡j Av‡bb †hLv‡b fv‡jvevmv Avi Rxeb Ava¨vwZ¥KZvi mv‡_ wg‡jwg‡k GKvKvi n‡q hvq|

Notable authors: John Donne, George Herbert, Andrew Marvell, Henry Vaughn

The Augustans: Aóv`k kZ‡Ki KwZcq Kwe-mvwnwZ¨K Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨ aªƒc`x †PZbv, e¨½-we`ªƒc I mskqev‡`i Dci wfwË K‡i G ai‡bi Av‡›`vjb M‡o Zz‡jwQ‡jb|

Notable authors: Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift

Romanticism — Dbwesk kZvãx‡Z BD‡iv‡ci mvwnZ¨ I wkíKjvq msNwUZ Av‡›`vjb hv ‡hŠw³K I ‰eÁvwbK fvebvi Zzjbvq Av‡eM I Kíbvwejv‡mi Dci †ekx ¸iæZ¡ †`q|

Notable authors: William Wordsworth, John Keats, P. B. Shelley, Lord Byron 

Gothic Novel (†fŠwZK-‡ivgvw›UK Dcb¨vm) — G ai‡bi Dcb¨v‡m †ivgvw›UK I †fŠwZK Dcv`v‡bi (†hgb: AwZcÖvK…Z (supernatural) I fqsKi cwiw¯’wZ) hyMcr mw¤§jb jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|

Notable authors: Ann Radcliffe, Bram Stoker (Dracula- Gi †jLK)

Lake poets — Bsj¨v‡Ûi †jK wWw÷ª‡Ki KwZcq Kwe hviv Zvu‡`i KweZvq cÖK…wZi gwngvwš^Z iƒc eY©bv K‡i‡Qb|  

Notable poets: William Wordsworth, S. T. Coleridge, Robert Southey

American Romanticism — BD‡ivcxq †ivgvw›UwmRg †_‡K Avjv`v Av‡gwiKvb †ivgvw›UK Av‡›`vjb wKQzUv †`wi‡Z Avi¤¢ nq| KweZvi Zzjbvq K_vmvwn‡Z¨ G Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖfve †ewk jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| BwZnvm m‡PZbZv, we‡kl K‡i gvwK©b BwZnv‡mi Kv‡jv Aa¨vq G avivi mvwn‡Z¨ dz‡U D‡V‡Q| 

Notable authors: Washington Irving, Nathaniel Hawthorne

Pre-Raphaelitism — Dbwesk kZvãxi Bs‡iR Av‡›`vjb hv g~jZ wPÎwkíx ivdv‡q‡ji webvkx wPÎK‡g©i cÖfv‡e msNwUZ n‡qwQj| G avivq hy³ e¨w³‡`i A‡b‡KB GKvav‡i Kwe I wPÎwkíx wQ‡jb| 

Notable authors: Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Christina Rossetti

University Wits — ‡lvok kZvãxi †k‡li w`‡K jÛ‡bi GK`j ZiæY bvU¨Kvi bvUK wjL‡Zb I bvU‡K Awfbq Ki‡Zb| Cambridge I Oxford wek¦we`¨vj‡qi eyw×`xß QvÎ nIqvq Zuviv University Wits  bv‡g cwiwPwZ cvq| Zuviv aªƒc`x bvU¨‡KŠk‡ji (classical ideals) Dci ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡ib Ges be¨ bvU¨Kvi‡`i bvU‡Ki ¯’zjZv (crudeness) wb‡q e¨½-we`ªƒc K‡ib| 

Prominent University Wits: Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Kyd, Thomas Nashe, Robert Greene, John Lyly, Thomas Lodge, George Peele

Transcendentalism (A‡jŠwKK `k©b) — Dbwesk kZ‡Ki KweZv I `k©b †Kw›`ªK Av‡gwiKvb Av‡›`vjb| G fve`k©b ¯^wbf©iZv Ges AvaywbK cÖhyw³ n‡Z `~‡i Ae¯’vb Kivi Dci ¸iæZ¡ †`q|

Notable authors: Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau

Dark Romanticism — A‡jŠwKK `k©b Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖwZwµqvq Dbwesk kZ‡K Av‡gwiKvq G Av‡›`vj‡bi m~ÎcvZ nq| G gZev` Abyhvqx gvbyl ¯^fveZB cvcx, ¯^webvkx Ges cÖK…wZ Zgmv”Qbœ I inm¨gq|

Notable authors: Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville

Realism (ev¯Íeev`) — mvwn‡Z¨ ev¯Íeev` ev¯Íeev`x Kjv Av‡›`vj‡bi Ask, hv Dbwesk kZvãxi gvSvgvwS Stendhal- Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ divwm mvwn‡Z¨ Ges Alexander Pushkin- Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ ivwkqvb mvwn‡Z¨ ïiæ nq| mvwn‡Z¨ ev¯Íeev` Dbwesk kZvãxi †klfvM Ges wesk kZvãxi †Mvov ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z n‡qwQj| fveev‡`i weiæ×ev` nj ev¯Íeev`, hv Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡ki RM‡Zi ev¯ÍweK wPÎ Avgv‡`i mvg‡b Zz‡j a‡i| ev¯Íeev`x †jL‡Kiv Avgv‡`i cÖvZ¨wnK RxebvPvi I AwfÁZvi ûeû eY©bv Zv‡`i †jLbx‡Z wjwce× K‡ib|

Notable authors:  Gustave Flaubert, Stendhal, Honoré de Balzac, Leo Tolstoy

Naturalism (¯^fveev`) — Émile Zola cÖewZ©Z mvwnZ¨ Av‡›`vjb hv ev¯Íe RM‡Zi mvwnwZ¨K/KvíwbK eY©bvq ch©‡eÿY I ˆeÁvwbK c×wZi Dci ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i| G gZev` Abyhvqx gvby‡li AvPiYMZ ˆewkó¨ esk ci¤úivq mÂvwjZ nq|

Notable authors: Émile Zola, Stephen Crane

Symbolism (cÖZxKxev`) —  g~jZ wkí-mvwn‡Z¨ divwm Av‡›`vjb hv KweZvi Avw½K MVb ev wPÎK‡íi Zzjbvq fve MV‡bi Dci †ewk ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i| Bs‡iR Kwe Edgar Allan Poe  †_‡K ïiæ K‡i  James Merrill - Gi b¨vq KweivI G Av‡›`vjb Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡qwQ‡jb|

Notable authors: Stéphane Mallarmé, Arthur Rimbaud, Paul Valéry

Stream of Consciousness (ˆPZb¨cÖevn) — wesk kZvãxi †Mvovi w`‡K K_vmvwn‡Z¨ G ai‡bi mvwnZ¨ †KŠk‡ji cÖ‡qvM jÿ¨ Kiv hvq, †hLv‡b †jL‡Kiv Zv‡`i mvwnZ¨K‡g© cÖvZ¨wnK Rxebfvebv `~‡i †_‡K (without authorial presence) Zz‡j a‡ib| mvwn‡Z¨ ˆPZb¨cÖevn ixwZ nj GKwU eY©bv‡KŠkj hv cvVK‡K K_‡Ki gb¯ÍvwË¡K wPšÍv I Abyf~wZi A›`ign‡j wb‡q hvq| 

Notable authors: Virginia Woolf, James Joyce

Modernism (AvaywbKZvev`) — KweZv I M`¨ †jLvi cÖPwjZ aviv †_‡K †ei n‡q Avmvi m‡PZb cÖqvm hv g~jZ Dbwesk kZ‡Ki †kl w`‡K Ges wesk kZ‡Ki †Mvovi w`‡K BD‡ivc I Av‡gwiKvq Pvjy nq| AvaywbKZvev`x †jL‡Kiv Ezra Pound- Gi cÖc  “to make it new” Abymi‡Y mvwn‡Z¨i bZzb bZzb Avw½K I †KŠkj wb‡q cixÿv-wbixÿv K‡ib|

Notable authors: Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, H.D., James Joyce, Gertrude Stein and Fernando Pessoa

The Lost Generation (nviv‡bv cÖRb¥) — GK`j Av‡gwiKvb mvwnZ¨ e¨w³Z¡ hviv cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i †kl w`‡K Ges gnvg›`vi (Great Depression) cÖ_g w`‡K c¨vwim I BD‡iv‡ci wewfbœ A‡j emevm Ki‡Zb| Gertrude Stein- G Av‡›`vj‡bi cy‡ivav e¨w³Z¡| The Sun Also Rises Dcb¨v‡mi ïi‡Z (epigraph) Ges ¯§„wZK_v A Moveable Feast- G Zuvi G m¤ú‡K© †jLvi gva¨‡g Zv RbwcÖqZv jvf K‡i|  

Notable Authors: F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Ezra Pound

First World War Poets — KwZcq weªwUk Kwe hviv cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i fve`k©b I hy×Kvjxb fqsKi Ae¯’vi eY©bv †`b|

Notable authors: Siegfried Sassoon, Rupert Brooke, Wilfred Owen

Imagism — KweZvq cÖPwjZ welqe¯‘i Zzjbvq eY©bvi Dci ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb| G Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖc wQj “the natural object is always the adequate (ch©vß) symbol.”

Notable authors: Ezra Pound, H. D.

Surrealism (civev¯Íeev`) — g~jZ divwm Av‡›`vjb hv civev¯Íeev`x wPÎKjv Øviv m~wPZ I cÖfvweZ n‡qwQj| civev¯Íeev`x wPÎKjvq cwiwPZ I Kvw•ÿZ wP‡Îi Zzjbvq AbvKvw•ÿZ, D™¢U GgbwK nZvkve¨ÄK wP‡Îi Dci †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv nq| Gi gva¨‡g e¨w³i/wkíxi m‡PZb g‡bi Zzjbvq A‡PZb I Ae‡PZb g‡bi ewn:cÖKvk jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|

Notable authors: Jean Cocteau, André Breton

Postmodernism (DËivaywbKZvev`) — Postwar (WWII) movement skeptical (mskqev`x) of absolutes (AwewgkÖq) and embracing (Avwj½b Kiv) diversity (‰ewPΨ), irony and word play.

Notable authors: Jorge Luis Borges, Thomas Pynchon, Alasdair Gray

Beat Poets — American movement of the 1950s and 1960s concerned with counter culture and youthful alienation (wew”QbœZv).

Notable authors — Allen Ginsberg (September on Jessore Road), William S. Burroughs

Confessional poetry (¯^xKv‡ivw³g~jK KweZv) — Poetry that, often brutally (wbôzifv‡e), exposes (cÖKvk Kiv) the self as part of an aesthetic (bv›`wbK) of the beauty and power of human frailty (`ye©jZv).

Notable authors: Robert Lowell, Sylvia Plath

*Magical Realism (hv`y ev¯ÍeZv) — g~jZ wesk kZvãxi j¨vwUb Av‡gwiKvb mvwnZ¨ Av‡›`vj‡bi mv‡_ hy³| G mvwnZ¨ †KŠk‡j ¯^vfvweK mvwnZ¨aviv eY©bvq nVvr hv`yKix Dcv`vb †hgb: g„Z e¨w³i wd‡i Avmv, AwZcÖvK…Z NUbv NUv BZ¨vw`i AšÍf©yw³KiY Kiv nq|

Notable authors: Gabriel García Márquez, Octavio Paz, Günter Grass,  Sadegh Hedayat

Postcolonialism (DËi-Jcwb‡ewkKZvev`) — A diverse (wewPÎ), loosely connected movement of writers from former colonies of European countries, whose work is frequently politically charged.

Notable authors:  V. S. Naipaul, Derek Walcott, Salman Rushdie, Wole Soyinka, Arundhati Roy,  Christopher Okigbo, Rudyard Kipling, Nadine Gardimer, E. M. Forster, Joseph Conrad, Chinua Achebe

 Absurdism (A_©nxbZv) — a philosophical perspective which holds that the efforts of humanity to find meaning or rational explanation in the universe ultimately fail (and, hence, are absurd) because no such meaning exists, at least to human beings. Absurdism implies a tragic tone and feelings of frustration that arise out of the contradiction between the human quest for the meaning of life and its inaccessibility.